DNA MODELS

DNA
A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.

NOTE: TWO DAYS TO MAK THIS MODEL!!!!!!!!
YOU CAN USE DIFFERENT MATERIALS.

Camouflage

Cryptic coloration is the most common form of camouflage, found to some extent in the majority of species. The simplest way is for an animal to be of a color similar to its surroundings.

Examples include the "earth tones" of deer, squirrels, or moles (to match trees or dirt), or the combination of blue skin and white underbelly of sharks via countershading (which makes them difficult to detect from both above and below). More complex patterns can be seen in animals such as flounder, moths, and frogs, among many others.

The type of camouflage a species will develop depends on several factors:

* The environment in which it lives. This is usually the most important factor.
* The physiology and behavior of an animal.

Animals with fur need camouflage different from those with feathers or scales. Likewise, animals who live in groups use different camouflage techniques than those that are solitary.

* If the animal is preyed upon then the behavior or characteristics of its predator can influence how the camouflage develops. If the predator has achromatic vision, for example, then the animal will not need to match the color of its surroundings.

Animals produce colors in two ways:

* Biochromes: natural microscopic pigments that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, creating a visible color that is targeted towards its primary predator.

* Microscopic physical structures, which act like prisms to reflect and scatter light to produce a color that is different from the skin, such as the translucent fur of the Polar Bear, which actually has black skin.

Mitosis & Meiosis

Summary of the Phases of Meiosis
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis enables organisms to reproduce sexually. Gametes (sperm and eggs) are haploid.
Meiosis involves two divisions producing a total of four daughter cells.

A cell undergoing meiosis will divide two times; the first division is meiosis 1 and the second is meiosis 2. The phases have the same names as those of mitosis. A number indicates the division number (1st or 2nd):

meiosis 1: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1
meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2

In the first meiotic division, the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. This results in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell.
The second meiotic division is like mitosis; the number of chromosomes does not get reduced.


What is Mitosis?
Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be haploid. If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be diploid.
This type of cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow and repair damaged tissue.

Summary of the Phases of Mitosis
The drawings below show chromosome movement and alignment in a cell from a species of animal that has a diploid number of 8. As you view the drawings, keep in mind that humans have a diploid number of 46.
Interphasehttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif

Chromosomes are not visible because they are uncoiled
Prophase
The chromosomes coil.
The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Spindle fibers (microtubles) form.
The drawing shows a cell with 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.
Metaphase
The chromosomes become aligned.
Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.
Anaphase
The chromatids separate; the number of chromosomes doubles.
Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids.
Telophase

The cell divides into two.
The chromosomes uncoil.
The nucleus reforms.
The spindle apparataus disassembles.

The drawing shows a cell with 16 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids.
G1 Interphase
The chromosomes have one chromatid.

The drawing shows two cells. Each cell has 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 8 chromatids per cell.
G2 Interphase
The chromosomes have two chromatids each.