Chemical energy

Chemical energy is very useful because it can be stored for long periods of time. It can also be used to produce many other forms of energy.

For example, chemical energy in batteries can be stored for long periods of time, and can be used to produce other forms of energy such as light and heat.

Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer

Heat travels from a hot object to a cold object.
You might say that heat flows down a temperature hill.
So how does heat travel from one object to another?
By Conduction, Convection and Radiation.

Liquids and gases do not conduct heat very well, but they can transfer heat by CONVECTION.
Convection, heat is transferred from one place to another by the motion of the gas or liquid.



CONDUCTION is the main way for heat to transfer through solid materials. For example, the outside surface of an engine gets hot because heat energy is transferred from the combustion chamber through the metal to the outside surface.

All solid materials conduct heat, but some do a better job than others. Generally, metals are good conductors while porous materials are not.

Styrofoam is an example of a poor conductor.
It is a great insulator.
Good conductors of electricity are usually good conductors of heat.


The easiest way to explain heat transfer by RADIATION is by the heat we feel from the sun.
Even though the sun is about 93 million miles away from the earth, we still feel some of its heat.
It travels to earth through the vacuum (no air) of space by way of rays!

Heat Energy

The heat energy of a substance is determined by how active its atoms and molecules are. A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. A cooler object's molecules and atoms will be less excited and show less movement. When these guys are in the excited state, they take up a lot of space because they're moving around so fast. When the atoms and molecules settle down, or cool down, they take up less space.




If a HOT high-energy atom comes into contact with a cool low-energy atom, the excited atom will loose some of its energy to the cool atom. The two atoms will settle into an energy level that's between where they each started out. That level is called Thermal Equilibrium. Did you know a lot of racecar drivers will let their engines cool down while idling before shutting it off after a hard race? They do this to let all of the internal engine parts come to Thermal Equilibrium.





Experiment: If you have a cup of really hot chocolate and want to cool it down, you may put and ice cube in the cup. After the ice completely melts, stir the chocolate. The hot chocolate and the melted ice have come to Thermal Equilibrium.


Bibliography:
http://www.powermasters.com/heat_energy.html

PLATE TECTONICS

convergent boundary

also known as a destructive plate boundary (because of subduction), is an actively deforming region where two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries.




divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.




A transform fault or transform boundary, also known as conservative plate boundary, is a type of fault at the margin of a tectonic plate whose relative motion is horizontal in either sinistral or dextral direction. Typically, some vertical motion may also exist, but the principal vectors in a transform fault are oriented horizontally.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Types of Geothermal Plants

There are three basic types of geothermal power plants:

* Dry steam plants use steam piped directly from a geothermal reservoir to turn the generator turbines. The first geothermal power plant was built in 1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where natural steam erupted from the Earth.
* Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the Earth and convert it to steam to drive the generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used over and over again. Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.
* Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to another liquid. The heat causes the second liquid to turn to steam which is used to drive a generator turbine.




Geothermal Energy Is Generated Deep Inside the Earth
Image of the earth's interior, from the outside to the inside, with the crust, the mantle of magma and rock, the outer core of magma, and the innermost core of iron.


Geothermal energy is generated in the Earth's core. Temperatures hotter than the sun's surface are continuously produced inside the Earth by the slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that happens in all rocks. The Earth has a number of different layers:

* The core itself has two layers: a solid iron core and an outer core made of very hot melted rock, called magma.
* The mantle surrounds the core and is about 1,800 miles thick. It is made up of magma and rock.
* The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, the land that forms the continents and ocean floors. It can be 3 to 5 miles thick under the oceans and 15 to 35 miles thick on the continents.

PLATE TECTONICS

Simple Electrical Circuits

Electricity will not flow if the circuit is not complete .

Look carefully at the drawing and decide why the circuit is not complete.

ANSWER THIS QUESTION THROUGH A COMMENT WITH YOUR NAME










Electricity will only flow in a complete circuit.

The bulb is connected in a circuit to a battery using two wires.

Kinds of Blood Vessels

Kinds of Blood Vessels

The human circulatory system includes five types of blood vessels:
arteries,
arterioles,
capillaries,
venules and veins.

The purpose of blood vessels is to carry blood to and from the heart, while delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Arteries

An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart; however, the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood, which is taken to the lungs.

Arterioles ( NOT STUDIED IN CLASS )

Arterioles are tiny arteries that branch off from a main artery to carry blood to the cells.

Arterioles are the main blood vessels that control blood pressure. Arterioles also lead to, and carry blood to, capillaries.


Veins
A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart; however, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.


Venules ( NOT STUDIED IN CLASS )
Venules are tiny blood vessels, each one connected to many capillaries. Each capillary drains into a venule, allowing for the waste-filled blood to enter veins and be carried back toward the heart.


BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Read more: Kinds of Blood Vessels | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_4762284_kinds-blood-vessels.html#ixzz1HLILMHBJ

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Science Factfile

* Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
* White blood cells are like soldiers protecting the body.
* ARTERIES are vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
* VEINS are vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
* Blood CIRCULATES--circles--all around your body in about one or two minutes.
* Inside the heart are four hollow chambers. Each chamber is a little pump. The pumping pushes blood all around your body.

bibliography

ELECTRIC CHARGE

ELECTRIC CHARGE
Electrons are said to have a negative charge, which means that they seem to be surrounded by a kind of invisible force field. This is called an electrostatic field.


Protons

Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge.

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

Two electrons will tend to repel each other because both have a negative electrical charge. Two protons will also tend to repel each other because they both have a positive charge. On the other hand, electrons and protons will be attracted to each other because of their unlike charges.

Since the electron is much smaller and lighter than a proton, when they are attracted to each other due to their unlike charges, the electron usually does most of the moving.


Review

1. Electrons have a negative electrostatic charge and protons have a positive electrostatic charge.
2. A good way to remember what charge protons have is to remember both proton and positive charge start with "P."
3. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract, just like with magnets.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm