Tissues

RUMINANTS

RUMINANTS
Animals having a rumen - a large digestive vat in which fibrous plant material is partially broken down by microbial fermentation, prior to digestion in a "true" stomach (the abomasum). There are also two other stomachs - the reticulum and the omasum. Typical ruminants are cattle and sheep.

mammal which chews cud, such as a cow or deer; chewing cud.

For the most part, the digestive system of ruminants is very similar to that of other mammals, but the stomach is considerably different from the so-called "monogastric" condition.

The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, to think; and as wildly laughable as the idea of a cow "thinking" may be, nevertheless, the contemplative and placid expression on a cow's face as she "chews her cud" does sort of give the impression that she's dealing with serious world problems.

You may have heard it said that cows have "four stomachs."

In an anatomic sense this is incorrect; there really is only one stomach, but it does have divisions.

The first three divisions of the ruminant stomach are sometimes considered to be diverticula of the esophagus; there is considerable debate on this point, however, and some authorities consider them derivatives of the stomach.

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
Symbiosis is a close ecological relationship between the individuals of two (or more) different species. Sometimes a symbiotic relationship benefits both species, sometimes one species benefits at the other's expense, and in other cases neither species benefits.

Ecologists use a different term for each type of symbiotic relationship:

Mutualism
-- both species benefit
Commensalism
-- one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Parasitism
-- one species benefits, the other is harmed
Competition
-- neither species benefits
Neutralism
-- both species are unaffected

Indus Valley Civilization

CELLS

The Cell Overview
Early Contributions
Robert Hooke - The first person to see cells, he was looking at cork and noted that he saw "a great many boxes. (1665)
Anton van Leeuwenhock - Observed living cells in pond water, which he called "animalcules" (1673)
Theodore Schwann - zoologist who observed that the tissues of animals had cells (1839)
Mattias Schleiden - botonist, observed that the tissues of plants contained cells ( 1845)
Rudolf Virchow - also reported that every living thing is made of up vital units, known as cells. He also predicted that cells come from other cells. (1850 )

The Cell Theory
1. Every living organism is made of one or more cellss.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It is the smallest unit that can perform life functions.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

*Why is the Cell Theory called a Theory and not a Fact?
Cell Features

Ribosomes - make protein for use by the organism
Cytoplasm - jelly-like goo on the inside of the cell
DNA - genetic material
Cytoskeleton - the internal framework of the cell
Cell membrane - outer boundary of the cell, some stuff can cross the cell membrane.

Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are very simple cells, probably first to inhabit the earth.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a membrane bound nucleus.
Bacteria are prokaryotes.
DNA of bacteria is circular.
The word "prokaryote" means "before the nucleus"

Other features found in some bacteria:

Flagella - used for movement
Pilus - small hairlike structures used for attaching to other cells
Capsule - tough outer layer that protects bacteria, often associated with harmful bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are more advanced cells.
These cells are found in plants, animals, and protists (small unicellular "animalcules").


The eukaryotic cell is composed of 4 main parts:
cell membrane - outer boundary of the cell
cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid interior of the cell
nucleus - the "control center" of the cell, contains the cell's DNA (chromosomes)
organelles - "little organs" that carry out cell functions

ORGANELLES WITH DNA
* The Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA
* ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY - eukaryotic cells evolved from the engulfing of bacteria cells, thus creating additional cell parts

CELL MEMBRANE
* Function: to regulate what comes into the cell and what goes out
* Composed of a double layer of phospholipids and proteins

Cell projects

Cell Project
Purpose: The purpose of this projectis to make a 3D model of a cell in order to better understand the parts and workings of a cell.
Using household items make a three-dimensional model of a plant or animal cell that meets the criteria listed below. (Sample items: cereal, balloons, gummi worms, mints, fruit slices, dried fruit, matches, gum balls, peanuts, rope licorice, jelly beans, sesame seeds, other candies, toothpicks. Craft packages also may work: clay, beads, pipecleaners..etc)

Choose what type of cell you will build, a typical plant or animal cell. Include this label somewhere on your model.
Create a KEY or label in some way each part on your model and its function.
Cell Project Rubric

Category Scoring Criteria Excellent
(3 pts) Satisfactory
(2 pts) Needs Work
(1 pt)

Craftsmanship Model cell is creative and shows effort
The model is 3 dimensional
Model stays together, is not too messy or cumbersome to move around

Cell Parts Type of cell and student name are found on both the key and the model
Key, legend, or labeling easy to use to identify the parts on your model
Accurate description of the function of each cell part is provided
Appropriate material is used (item looks like the cell part)
Shape corresponds to the type of cell: plant or animal

Written word Grammar, spelling
Score Total Points

Amor al projimo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"Amaos unos a otros como yo os he amado" (Jn 13, 34)
Dice la biblia y por que los seres humanos, odiamos, matamos, detestamos, descriminamos?

no cabe duda que es reveldia del sr humano, el simple hecho de hacer lo que a el le venga en ganas,pero no todo es negativo, cuando nos proponemos amar a nuestro projimo como Dios manda hacemos cosas o acciones maravillosas, no cabe duda que la razon de este pequeño articulo es resaltar la gran noticia que ha corrido por todo en mundo, ¿cual noticia? la muestra de amor recivida por los hermanos mineros chilenos esto es una infima muestra de amor que como humanos podemos hacer.

Espero que en nuestro pais, las compañias mineras actuaran asi de responsable , al mismo que las autoridades de recusrsos naturales en la que muchos compatriotas han sido afectados por los efectos dejados por las antes mencionadas pero qui nada pasa, enfermos liciados y nada pasa.

Que esta accion sirva de ejemplo para ablandar la conciencia de estos capitalistas y ayuden a los que estan afectados por los residuos dejados por estas mineras.

Dengue a la vista

Los síntomas más comunes son:
* Fiebre alta.
* Dolor de cabeza en la zona frontal.
* Dolor detrás de los ojos que se exacerba con los movimientos oculares.
* Dolores musculares y articulares ( "fiebre quebrantahuesos”)
* Inapetencia y dificultades en el sentido del gusto.
* Erupción de máculas o pápulas en tórax y miembros inferiores.
* Aparición de náuseas y vómitos.

Dengue hemorragico :

Puede comenzar con síntomas parecidos a los de la fiebre de dengue.
*
Epigastralgia aguda (dolor de estómago)
*
Hemorragias nasales, bucales o gingivales y equimosis cutáneas.
*
Shock hemorrágico
*
Hematemesis (Vómitos sanguinolentos) o vómitos sin sangre.
*
Piel y mucosas secas, sed intensa.
*
Insomnio e inquietud. . )
*
Taquicardia (aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca)
*
Taquipnea (respiración acelerada


Como por todos ya es muy sabido en nuestro pais hasta que se han muerto un monton de patriotas es alli cuando se declaran las emergencias por parte de las autoridades segun sea el area que esta en problemas, en este caso hablamos del ministerio de salud.

Hace cuanto en Tegucigalpa estan muriendo personas en la capital por causa del dengue?
Hace cuanto las lluvias hacen relajo en la capital a causa de este mal?
Con la vulnerabilidad que existe en la capital las autoridades de salud debiesen de estar siempre pendiente de este tipo de enfermedades o epidemia a nivel nacional a tal grado que el presidente anuncio la misma a la 10 de la noche, dada la cantidad de compatriota que estan sufriendo del mismo.

No quiero terminar este articulo sin mencionar que esta enfermedad esta dividida en dengue clasico y el dengue hemorragico y siendo este ultimo el mas mortal.
Debo confesar que hace dos años atras fui victima del dengue clasico y dejeme decirles que es horrible, las fiebres, el dolor de cabeza y cuerpo son horribles. A tal grado que perdi 6 libras en 4 dias.
Gracias al apoyo de amigos y personas que me aprecian mucho superamos tal enfermedad.

Dado las catastrofes sufridas por la tormenta Agatha en el distrito central es logico que en dicho lugar residuos de aguas hay por todos lados, por lo tanto se debe de trabajar en conjunto para eliminar a tales depositos de agua.
Los hospitales , enfermeras y doctores estan haciendo su mejor esfuerzo para ayudar a todos aquellos que estan sufriendo tal enfermedades a pesar de las grandes limitaciones , como ser falta de medicamentos,falta de materiales,colapso de los hospitales y muchos mas problemas que muchos han de saber!