CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Science Factfile

* Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
* White blood cells are like soldiers protecting the body.
* ARTERIES are vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
* VEINS are vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
* Blood CIRCULATES--circles--all around your body in about one or two minutes.
* Inside the heart are four hollow chambers. Each chamber is a little pump. The pumping pushes blood all around your body.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE

ELECTRIC CHARGE
Electrons are said to have a negative charge, which means that they seem to be surrounded by a kind of invisible force field. This is called an electrostatic field.


Protons

Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge.

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

Two electrons will tend to repel each other because both have a negative electrical charge. Two protons will also tend to repel each other because they both have a positive charge. On the other hand, electrons and protons will be attracted to each other because of their unlike charges.

Since the electron is much smaller and lighter than a proton, when they are attracted to each other due to their unlike charges, the electron usually does most of the moving.


Review

1. Electrons have a negative electrostatic charge and protons have a positive electrostatic charge.
2. A good way to remember what charge protons have is to remember both proton and positive charge start with "P."
3. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract, just like with magnets.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm

Water Cycle

Earth's water is always in movement, and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go in a hurry. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions of years.


The water cycle has no starting point. But, we'll begin in the oceans, since that is where most of Earth's water exists. The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Some of it evaporates as vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor. Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere, along with water from evapotranspiration, which is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The vapor rises into the air where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds.

Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation.
Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years.
Snowpacks in warmer climates often thaw and melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows overland as snowmelt.

Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff.

A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans.
Runoff, and ground-water seepage, accumulate and are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, though.
Much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration.
Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers (saturated subsurface rock), which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time.

Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge, and some ground water finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs.
Over time, though, all of this water keeps moving, some to reenter the ocean, where the water cycle "ends" ... oops - I mean, where it "begins."


BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html

Happy 2011!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

New year , new ideas, new ways of thinking, new ways of behaving etc.
Before or at the beginning of every year myself and i do not know how many more do the same, but I make a self relection of what I have done good, what I have done bad, what i could do better and of course , what great changes can I do for the coming year.

All around around us changes, technology, plants, animals, our body,people, way of thinking, politics, government and more so why do we have to remain thinking and doing the same things? We need changes in our lives in order to see what we left behind and what can we foreshadow in the future.

I just want to share these few lines with you my bloggers, God bless you today and always and make all changes in your daily life always, HAPPY 2011!!!!!!!!!!! AJUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!!!!!

DNA MODELS

DNA
A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.

NOTE: TWO DAYS TO MAK THIS MODEL!!!!!!!!
YOU CAN USE DIFFERENT MATERIALS.

Camouflage

Cryptic coloration is the most common form of camouflage, found to some extent in the majority of species. The simplest way is for an animal to be of a color similar to its surroundings.

Examples include the "earth tones" of deer, squirrels, or moles (to match trees or dirt), or the combination of blue skin and white underbelly of sharks via countershading (which makes them difficult to detect from both above and below). More complex patterns can be seen in animals such as flounder, moths, and frogs, among many others.

The type of camouflage a species will develop depends on several factors:

* The environment in which it lives. This is usually the most important factor.
* The physiology and behavior of an animal.

Animals with fur need camouflage different from those with feathers or scales. Likewise, animals who live in groups use different camouflage techniques than those that are solitary.

* If the animal is preyed upon then the behavior or characteristics of its predator can influence how the camouflage develops. If the predator has achromatic vision, for example, then the animal will not need to match the color of its surroundings.

Animals produce colors in two ways:

* Biochromes: natural microscopic pigments that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, creating a visible color that is targeted towards its primary predator.

* Microscopic physical structures, which act like prisms to reflect and scatter light to produce a color that is different from the skin, such as the translucent fur of the Polar Bear, which actually has black skin.

Mitosis & Meiosis

Summary of the Phases of Meiosis
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis enables organisms to reproduce sexually. Gametes (sperm and eggs) are haploid.
Meiosis involves two divisions producing a total of four daughter cells.

A cell undergoing meiosis will divide two times; the first division is meiosis 1 and the second is meiosis 2. The phases have the same names as those of mitosis. A number indicates the division number (1st or 2nd):

meiosis 1: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1
meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2

In the first meiotic division, the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. This results in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell.
The second meiotic division is like mitosis; the number of chromosomes does not get reduced.


What is Mitosis?
Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be haploid. If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be diploid.
This type of cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow and repair damaged tissue.

Summary of the Phases of Mitosis
The drawings below show chromosome movement and alignment in a cell from a species of animal that has a diploid number of 8. As you view the drawings, keep in mind that humans have a diploid number of 46.
Interphasehttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif

Chromosomes are not visible because they are uncoiled
Prophase
The chromosomes coil.
The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Spindle fibers (microtubles) form.
The drawing shows a cell with 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.
Metaphase
The chromosomes become aligned.
Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.
Anaphase
The chromatids separate; the number of chromosomes doubles.
Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids.
Telophase

The cell divides into two.
The chromosomes uncoil.
The nucleus reforms.
The spindle apparataus disassembles.

The drawing shows a cell with 16 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids.
G1 Interphase
The chromosomes have one chromatid.

The drawing shows two cells. Each cell has 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 8 chromatids per cell.
G2 Interphase
The chromosomes have two chromatids each.